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Motherboard

Motherboard

CPU sockets

Main article: CPU socket

A CPU socket or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and server computers (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel x86 architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed.

ntegrated peripherals

Block diagram of a modern motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots.

With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers.

For example, the ECS RS485M-M,^[5] a typical modern budget motherboard for computers based on AMD processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:

• disk controllers for a floppy disk drive, up to 2 PATA drives, and up to 6 SATA drives (including RAID 0/1 support)
• integrated graphics controller supporting 2D and 3D graphics, with VGA and TV output
• integrated sound card supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and S/PDIF output
• Fast Ethernet network controller for 10/100 Mbit networking
• USB 2.0 controller supporting up to 12 USB ports
• IrDA controller for infrared data communication (e.g. with an IrDA-enabled cellular phone or printer)
• temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow software to monitor the health of computer components

Expansion cards to support all of these functions would have cost hundreds of dollars even a decade ago; however, as of April 2007 such highly integrated motherboards are available for as little as $30 in the US.

Peripheral card slots

A typical motherboard of 2009 will have a different number of connections depending on its standard.

A standard ATX motherboard will typically have one PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, two conventional PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one PCI-E 1x (which will eventually supersede PCI). A standard EATX motherboard will have one PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, and a varying number of PCI and PCI-E 1x slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E 4x slot. (This varies between brands and models.)

Some motherboards have two PCI-E 16x slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI(for Nvidia) and Crossfire (for ATI). These allow 2 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming,video editing etc.

As of 2007, virtually all motherboards come with at least four USB ports on the rear, with at least 2 connections on the board internally for wiring additional front ports that may be built into the computer's case. Ethernet is also included. This is a standard networking cable for connecting the computer to a network or a modem. A sound chip is always included on the motherboard, to allow sound output without the need for any extra components. This allows computers to be far more multimedia-based than before. Some motherboards contain video outputs on the back panel for integrated graphics solutions (either embedded in the motherboard, or combined with the microprocessor, such as the Intel HD Graphics). A separate card may still be used.

[edit]Temperature and reliability

Main article: Computer cooling

Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips, such as the Northbridge, in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer and cause it to crash. Passive cooling, or a single fan mounted on the power supply, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPUs until the late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fans mounted on their heat sinks, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional case fans as well. Newer motherboards have integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures, and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Some computers (which typically have high-performance microprocessors, large amounts of RAM, and high-performance video cards) use a water-cooling system instead of many fans.

Some small form factor computers and home theater PCs designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement.

A 2003 study^[6] found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheralhardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation.^[7]

A microATX motherboard with some faulty capacitors.

For more information on premature capacitor failure on PC motherboards, see capacitor plague.

Motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water basedelectrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C,^[8] their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C below this. At 45 °C a lifetime of 15 years can be expected. This appears reasonable for a computer motherboard. However, many manufacturers have delivered substandard capacitors,^[9] which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures easily exacerbate this problem. It is possible, but tedious and time-consuming, to find and replace failed capacitors on PC motherboards.

[edit]Form factor

Main article: Comparison of computer form factors

Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called computer form factor, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various case sizes. As of 2007, most desktop computer motherboards use one of these^[which?] standard form factors—even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and PSU form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of the same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a microATX motherboard.

Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard due to the large number of integrated components.

[edit]Bootstrapping using the BIOS

Main article: booting

Further information: BIOS

Motherboards contain some non-volatile memory to initialize the system and load an operating system from some external peripheral device. Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC usedROM chips, mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor would load its program counter with the address of the boot ROM and start executing ROM instructions. These instructions displayed system information on the screen, ran memory checks, and then loaded an operating system from an external or peripheral device (disk drive). If none was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other memory stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer and version of the BIOS.

Most modern motherboard designs use a BIOS, stored in an EEPROM chip soldered or socketed to the motherboard, to bootstrap an operating system. When power is first applied to the motherboard, the BIOS firmware tests and configures memory, circuitry, and peripherals. This Power-On Self Test (POST) may include testing some of the following things:

• video adapter
• cards inserted into slots, such as conventional PCI
• floppy drive
• thermistors, voltages, and fan speeds for hardware monitoring
• CMOS used to store BIOS setup configuration
• keyboard and mouse
• network controller
• optical drives: CD-ROM or DVD-ROM
• SCSI hard drive
• IDE, EIDE, or SATA hard disk
• security devices, such as a fingerprint reader or the state of a latch switch to detect intrusion
• USB devices, such as a memory storage device

On recent motherboards, the BIOS may also patch the central processor microcode if the BIOS detects that the installed CPU is one in for which errata has been published. Many of the above devices can be stored with machine code instructions to load an operating system or program.

[edit]See also

• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
• Backplane
• BIOS
• Central Processing Unit
• Chipset
• Computer case
• Conventional PCI
• Computer case screws
• Daughterboard
• Front-side bus
• Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
• List of motherboard manufacturers
• Offboard
• Overclocking
• PCI Express
• Single-board computer

sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#CPU_sockets

TAS ASD

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>


struct tnode{
char nama[25];
char alamat[40];
char notelp[10];
char email[20];
struct tnode *next;
};
void addData(tnode **node,char nama[25],char alamat[40],char notelp[10], char email[20]){
tnode *newnode;
newnode=(tnode*)malloc(sizeof(tnode));
strcpy(newnode->nama,nama);
strcpy(newnode->alamat,alamat);
strcpy(newnode->notelp,notelp);
strcpy(newnode->email,email);
newnode->next=*node;
*node=newnode;
}
void main(){
tnode *head=NULL,*curr=NULL,*node=NULL,*simpan=NULL;
int input=0,a,b,i,bantu=0;
char nama1[25];
char nama2[25];
char alamat1[40];
char notelp1[10];
char email1[20];
while(input!=6){
clrscr();
printf("\t\t\tBUKU TELEPON\n\n");
printf("1.) Tambah Data\n");
printf("2.) Hapus Data\n");
printf("3.) Cari Data\n");
printf("4.) Tampil Data\n");
printf("5.) Exit\n\n");
printf("Pilihan anda : ");scanf("%d",&input);
switch(input){
case 1:
clrscr();
printf("Tambah Data\n\n");
printf("Banyak data : ");scanf("%d",&b);
printf("\n");
for (i=1; i<=b; i++){
node=(struct tnode*)malloc(sizeof(struct tnode));
printf("Data ke-%d\n",i);
printf("Nama\t: ");fflush(stdin);gets(nama1);
printf("Alamat\t: ");fflush(stdin);gets(alamat1);
printf("No.Telp\t: ");fflush(stdin);gets(notelp1);
printf("Email\t: ");fflush(stdin);gets(email1);
printf("\n");
addData(&node,nama1,alamat1,notelp1,email1);
if(head==NULL){
head=node;
curr=node;
}
else{
curr->next=node;
curr=node;
}
}
printf("Tekan Sembarang Tombol untuk Kembali ke Menu...");
getch();
break;


case 2:
clrscr();
printf("Hapus Data\n\n");
printf("\"nama\" dari data yang akan dihapus : ");fflush(stdin);gets(nama2);
simpan=head;
head=NULL;node=NULL;curr=NULL;
while(simpan!=NULL){
if(strcmp(simpan->nama,nama2)!=0){
addData(&node,simpan->nama,simpan->alamat,simpan->notelp,simpan->email);
if(head==NULL){
head=node;
curr=node;
}
else{
curr->next=node;
curr=node;
}
}
simpan=simpan->next;
}
printf("\n\n<data dengan nama \"%s\" telah dihapus>\n",nama2);
printf("Tekan Sembarang Tombol untuk Kembali ke Menu...");
getch();
break;
case 3:
clrscr();
bantu=0;
a=1;
printf("Cari Data\n\n");
printf("\"nama\" dari data yang akan dicari : ");fflush(stdin);gets(nama2);
printf("\n");
if(curr!=NULL){
curr->next=NULL;
}
curr=head;
while (curr!=NULL){
if(strcmp(curr->nama,nama2)==0){
printf("Data ke-%d\n",a);
printf("Nama\t: %s\n",curr->nama);
printf("Alamat\t: %s\n",curr->alamat);
printf("No.Telp\t: %s\n",curr->notelp);
printf("Email\t: %s\n\n",curr->email);
bantu++;
}
curr=curr->next;
a++;
}
if(bantu==0)printf("\n\nData tidak ditemukan\n\n");
curr=node;
printf("Tekan Sembarang Tombol untuk Kembali ke Menu...");
getch();
break;
case 4:
clrscr();
a=1;
printf("Tampil Data\n\n");
if(curr!=NULL){
curr->next=NULL;
}
curr=head;
while (curr!=NULL){
printf("Data ke-%d\n",a);
printf("Nama\t: %s\n",curr->nama);
printf("Alamat\t: %s\n",curr->alamat);
printf("No.Telp\t: %s\n",curr->notelp);
printf("Email\t: %s\n\n",curr->email);
curr=curr->next;
a++;
}
curr=node;
printf("Tekan Sembarang Tombol untuk Kembali ke Menu...");
getch();
break;
case 5:
_exit(0);

}
}


}